Political Polarization and Democratic Stability: Comparative Analysis of Global Trends

Abstract

This article examines how political polarization—especially affective and ideological forms—reshapes the prospects of democratic stability across world regions. Using a comparative lens, we synthesize evidence from electoral behavior, party system fragmentation, institutional guardrails, and media ecosystems. We argue that polarization destabilizes democracies through three pathways: (i) eroding inter-party forbearance and compromise, (ii) weaponizing institutions via executive aggrandizement, and (iii) normalizing anti-pluralist rhetoric through platform zed communication. Yet outcomes are contingent: robust proportional institutions, independent courts, and inclusive coalition practices can buffer polarization’s worst effects. We map global trends since 2000 and propose a policy framework cantered on inclusive electoral design, information integrity, and civic intermediary organizations to rebuild cross-cutting ties.